If the limits are exceeded and the aircraft is flown in this condition, it may lead to insufficient stability, with resulting difficulty in controlling the aircraft. A check should be made to ensure that the CG will not shift out of limits when crew, passengers, cargo, and expendable weights are added or removed. An aircraft has certain fixed points, fore and aft, beyond which the CG should not be permitted at any time during flight. The weight and balance extreme conditions represent the maximum forward and rearward CG position for the aircraft. Many modern aircraft have multiple rows of seats and often more than one baggage compartment. If an item is located exactly at the wing leading edge, its arm would be zero, and mathematically it would not matter whether its arm was positive or negative. For this aircraft, any item (fuel, seat, radio, etc.) located forward of the wing leading edge has a negative arm, and any item located aft of the wing leading edge has a positive arm. Figure 1 shows an aircraft where the datum is the leading edge of the wing. Location of the datum at any other point on the aircraft results in some arms being positive numbers, or aft of the datum, and some arms being negative numbers, or forward of the datum. If the manufacturer chooses a datum that is at the most forward location on an aircraft, all the arms will be positive numbers. The positive sign indicates an item is located aft of the datum, and the negative sign indicates an item is located forward of the datum. The arm’s distance is always measured in inches, and it is preceded by the algebraic sign for positive (+) or negative (−), except for a location which might be exactly on the datum. ![]() ![]() The arm is the horizontal distance from the datum to any point within the aircraft.
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